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Imagine going through 12 years of school and never being taught how to read or write. Your teachers taught you maths, music and physical education, but they neglected to teach you the basics of reading and writing.
That would be a serious oversight. You would leave school illiterate and ill-equipped for life.
You wouldn’t be able to apply for jobs, complete a mortgage application, receive texts, read contracts, or check the labels on medicine bottles.
Your life would be seriously impaired.
In the same way, there are some who have been in church for years who have never been taught about the covenants. Which essentially means they don’t know how to read the Bible. They are biblically illiterate and ill-equipped for life.
Okay, sure, they can read the Bible, but they see it as a single book when really it is a collection of covenants. (Check out the contents page of your Bible if this is news to you.)
Here are three questions every believer ought to be able to answer.
- What are the Biblical covenants?
- What is the New Covenant?
- How does the New Covenant differ from the Old Covenant?
In this article, we’ll look at the first two questions. In my next article, I will compare the Old vs the New Covenant.
What are covenants?
Some people say a covenant is like a contract. That’s like saying “getting married is like buying a car.” There may be some similarities, but they are very different.
A covenant is a binding agreement between people or groups that involves making promises and which is sometimes accompanied by ceremonies and rituals.
Unlike a contract, which is transactional, a covenant is relational. A contract is an exchange of possessions (this is now yours), while a covenant is more an exchange of people (I am now yours).
An example is a marriage covenant where two people bind themselves together in a formal agreement (vows) that is usually marked with a ceremony and various rituals (e.g., the exchange of rings).
As you can see, a covenant is much more than a mere contract.
Covenants in the Bible
In the Bible, there were covenants between people (e.g., David and Jonathan, see 1 Sam. 18:3), tribes (Jos. 9:1–15), and kings (1 Kgs. 5:12, 20:34).
Depending on how you define a covenant, there were at least five covenants made between God and man: (1) the Noahic Covenant, (2) the Abrahamic Covenant, (3) the Mosaic Covenant, (4) the Davidic Covenant, and (5) the New Covenant. You can learn more about these covenants in the Grace Glossary.
What is the New Covenant?
For fourteen centuries, the children of Israel related to God through the Mosaic or Old Covenant. This was a burdensome covenant based on the observance of laws and rituals. During this time, the prophets of God spoke of a coming covenant that would be a new kind of covenant:
“Behold, days are coming,” declares the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.” (Jeremiah 31:31)
What is the New Covenant? The New Covenant is a covenant of grace where God blesses us with new life and divine favor for no reason other than it pleases him to do so.
I will make an everlasting covenant with them: I will never stop doing good to them… (Jeremiah 32:40)
The New Covenant is totally unlike the law-keeping covenant of Moses. Instead of a law written on stones, God writes his law on the hearts of his people (Jer. 31:33).
Instead of being separated from God by the priestly-caste, we can all know God directly (Jer. 31:34).
Instead of being held accountable for our failings, God forgives and forgets and cleanses us from all our sin (Jer. 31:34, Eze. 36:33).
Perhaps the best feature of the New Covenant is God’s promise to give us his Spirit and make us brand new (Eze. 36:26). He literally gives us himself and invites us to live in fellowship with him.
There really is nothing like the New Covenant!
The New Covenant made by Jesus
I imagine the Israelites could not wait for the New Covenant. When would it start? For hundreds of years there were no announcements. Then on the night before he died, Jesus lifted the cup and said:
This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood (Luke 22:20)
The New Covenant began with Christ’s death and resurrection. From that moment, everything was different.
Instead of God blessing one tribe (the Israelites) if they did good, God would now bless the whole world because Jesus did good.
Instead of asking for sacrifices that never atoned for our sins, God said “Look to my Son whose sacrifice has done away with all sin forever” (Heb. 9:26).
And lest there be any confusion about the end of the Old Covenant, God tore the temple veil from top to bottom showing that the way to him was now open to all. Good times!
A grace-based covenant
God never changes, but the way we relate to him may change. God’s covenant with Abraham was based on grace, but his covenant with Moses was based on law.
What about us? Does God relate to us through law or grace?
On this question the scriptures are clear: We are not under law but grace (Rom. 6:14). We are not under the Old Covenant of law but the New Covenant of grace.
As believers, we are the spiritual descendants of Abraham and the inheritor of all God’s promises to the father of the faith. But that’s just the beginning. In union with the Lord, we are the heirs of all things through Christ. Good news!
If you don’t know what makes the New Covenant new, you will be confused when reading the Bible. You will take other people’s medicine and end up lukewarm and barren.
Thankfully, there is a simple test to tell if you are walking in the New Covenant.
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Further reading:
The top 12 blessings in the new covenant
The top 12 verses on the new covenant
Do we need a new covenant study Bible?